Solar PV digital twin -- a real-time simulation-based research platform
Sang, Peng
Sang, Peng
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Abstract
This work presents a real-time solar photovoltaic (PV) digital twin developed at the University of Vermont�s McNeil Generating Station as a unified platform for modeling, monitoring, and analysis of distributed energy resources. The proposed framework integrates high-resolution field measurements with physics-based circuit models to enable synchronized simulation and state estimation of PV systems at multiple scales, including per-panel, string, and array levels. The platform leverages real-time data acquisition from Modbus-enabled sensors and edge devices, streaming measurements through a cloud-based pipeline into a simulation environment. A circuit-theoretic formulation is employed to represent PV modules, power electronic interfaces, and grid interconnections, enabling consistent parameter-state estimation and dynamic analysis under varying operating conditions. The digital twin supports both steady-state and transient simulations, allowing for the investigation of phenomena such as partial shading, mismatch losses, and inverter-driven dynamics. A key contribution of this work is the tight coupling between physical measurements and simulation, enabling continuous model calibration and validation. This facilitates enhanced observability of PV system behavior beyond traditional supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) capabilities. The platform also provides a flexible testbed for evaluating advanced algorithms, including state estimation, fault detection, and predictive analytics. The developed digital twin demonstrates the potential to improve situational awareness, support grid integration studies, and accelerate the development of next-generation monitoring and control strategies for distributed solar energy systems.
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Date
1/1/2026
Student Status
Graduate Student
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Poster
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Electrical Engineering
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College of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences
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Engineering