A Comprehensive Review of Power System Strength: Definition, Solutions, and Practical Experiences
Lagerquist, Erik
Lagerquist, Erik
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Abstract
For decades, the system strength of electrical power systems has been ensured by the large number of connected synchronous generators (SG). However, in modern power systems, the replacement of SG by converter-interfaced generators (CIG) is resulting in a reduction in system strength. This reduction in system strength poses significant stability and control challenges such as voltage collapse and control loop interactions. In this context, this review covers the implications of reduced system strength on power system stability and explores how the concept of system strength should be re-understood in cases of high levels of CIG. It then provides an extensive review of the diverse strategies and solutions for addressing system strength challenges. It compares the effectiveness of classical grid reinforcements such as synchronous condensers (SC), equipment compensation, and line reconductoring with modern approaches such as Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS), Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS), and grid-forming (GFM) converters. It also reviews solutions employed in real power systems in the UK, US, Australia, Germany, Chile, and Ireland, identifying which strategies were selected to mitigate control and stability issues in each unique case. It finds SCs to be the most used solution to date, but that modern GFM solutions are quickly gaining in trust and real grid applications. In all, this review offers a comprehensive understanding of system strength enhancement strategies, thereby empowering grid operators, policymakers, and stakeholders to take critical steps towards more consistent regulatory and planning frameworks for system strength.
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Date
1/1/2026
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Graduate Student
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Poster
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Electrical Engineering
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College of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences
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Engineering