Anxiety Responses Across the Estrous Cycle in Relation to BNST-PACAP Interactions
Conference Year
January 2020
Abstract
There are currently a few standard treatment options available for patients attempting to combat their anxiety, the most common being cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI’s), and tricyclic antidepressants (TCA’s). Although these methods alone or in some combination work for a considerable amount of people, many are still left struggling to find an effective treatment for their chronic anxiety (Northwestern University, 2009). Because not everyone responds to the conventional anxiety treatment regimen, a number of scientists have begun to explore dysregulation in other systems that might be related to human psychiatric disorders. In addition to the need for new ideas about where anxiety disorders may lie, it is important that researchers begin to include female animals in their studies, particularly in neuroscience research. Not only do women have a higher prevalence of anxiety disorders than men (McLean et al., 2011), but bias towards using male animals in studies was found to be the greatest in the neuroscience field. Pituitary adenylate cyclase modulating protein (PACAP) is a molecule that is thought to play a role in regulating anxiety-like behavior in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) (King, Toufexis, & Hammack, 2017). In humans, PACAP has been shown to have sex-specific effects, and is associated with PTSD in women (Ressler et al., 2011). The goal of this project is to explore this sex-specific link in greater detail. This was accomplished by examining anxiety behaviors across the estrous cycle in relation to the presence or absence of PACAP in the BNST. Female rats underwent stereotaxic surgery and cannulas were inserted into the BNST. Following a recovery and estrous cycle tracking period, rats at various stages of the cycle were intra-cranially injected with either PACAP or a vehicle. Anxiety behaviors were operationalized by categorizing responses in an elevated plus maze. It was expected that when intra-BNST PACAP is tested across the estrous cycle, anxiety-like behavior will be higher when female sex hormone levels are higher (e.g. proestrus and estrus).
Primary Faculty Mentor Name
Sayamwong "Jom" Hammack
Graduate Student Mentors
Melissa Boucher
Faculty/Staff Collaborators
Sayamwong "Jom" Hammack (Collaborating Mentor)
Status
Undergraduate
Student College
College of Arts and Sciences
Program/Major
Neuroscience
Second Program/Major
Pharmacology
Primary Research Category
Biological Sciences
Anxiety Responses Across the Estrous Cycle in Relation to BNST-PACAP Interactions
There are currently a few standard treatment options available for patients attempting to combat their anxiety, the most common being cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI’s), and tricyclic antidepressants (TCA’s). Although these methods alone or in some combination work for a considerable amount of people, many are still left struggling to find an effective treatment for their chronic anxiety (Northwestern University, 2009). Because not everyone responds to the conventional anxiety treatment regimen, a number of scientists have begun to explore dysregulation in other systems that might be related to human psychiatric disorders. In addition to the need for new ideas about where anxiety disorders may lie, it is important that researchers begin to include female animals in their studies, particularly in neuroscience research. Not only do women have a higher prevalence of anxiety disorders than men (McLean et al., 2011), but bias towards using male animals in studies was found to be the greatest in the neuroscience field. Pituitary adenylate cyclase modulating protein (PACAP) is a molecule that is thought to play a role in regulating anxiety-like behavior in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) (King, Toufexis, & Hammack, 2017). In humans, PACAP has been shown to have sex-specific effects, and is associated with PTSD in women (Ressler et al., 2011). The goal of this project is to explore this sex-specific link in greater detail. This was accomplished by examining anxiety behaviors across the estrous cycle in relation to the presence or absence of PACAP in the BNST. Female rats underwent stereotaxic surgery and cannulas were inserted into the BNST. Following a recovery and estrous cycle tracking period, rats at various stages of the cycle were intra-cranially injected with either PACAP or a vehicle. Anxiety behaviors were operationalized by categorizing responses in an elevated plus maze. It was expected that when intra-BNST PACAP is tested across the estrous cycle, anxiety-like behavior will be higher when female sex hormone levels are higher (e.g. proestrus and estrus).